American Indians And Alaskan Natives - 1982 Words

American Indians and Alaskan Natives have a relationship with the federal government that is unique due to the â€Å"trust relationship† between the US and American Indians/Alaskan Natives (AI/ANs) who are entitled to health care services provided by the US government by virtue of their membership in sovereign Indian nations. In order to contextualize the complex nature of Indian health programs it is necessary to become versed in the political and legal status of Indian tribes. Through numerous constitutional, legislative, judicial, executive rulings, and orders that were largely associated with the succession of land and subsequent treaty rights; the health care of AI/ANs has been one of many responsibilities guaranteed by the federal government. The foundations of which can be traced back to the year 1787. The ceded land has been interpreted in courts to mean that healthcare and services were in a sense prepaid by AI/AN tribes and 400 million acres of land. The misco nception of â€Å"free healthcare† and a conservative political disdain from so called entitlement programs have also led to misconceptions regarding the federal government’s responsibility to provide health care and services to AI/ANs. Rhoades (2000) has argued that tribal sovereignty is the overarching principle guiding Indian health care on a daily basis.1 This paper will examine the history surrounding federally mandated healthcare to AI/ANs, pertinent issues of sovereignty, as well as case studies in tribalShow MoreRelatedEssay about Health Promotion in American Indian and Native Alaskan1161 Words   |  5 Pageshealthcare and or the ability to change cultural perspectives to ensure healthy lifestyles. Within this paper, the health of American Indian and Alaskan Native populations will be discussed along with the barriers to care and the health disparities within this culture. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) the number of American Indian or Alaskan Native (AI/AN) residents residing within the US was 4.5 million in 2013 and among that population 14.3% were considered in fairRead MoreDescriptive Epidemiology : American Indian And Native Alaskan Populations On Reservations798 Words   |  4 PagesDescriptive Epidemiology American Indian and Native Alaskan populations on reservations or in urban areas have had extreme difficulty with the use of Alcohol. An average of 43.9% of AI/AN adults reported using alcohol within the last month, which is considerably higher compared to the national average of 30.6%. (Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration [SAMHSA], 2011). Furthermore, 30% of American Indians reporting usage of alcohol within the last month also reported engaging inRead MoreMental Health Is A Never Ending Concern For The American Population Essay1305 Words   |  6 PagesMental Health is a never-ending concern for the American population due to the lack of data. This lack of date fails to give accurate information and better understanding on seeing how suffers of mental health illness is being addressed. Due to the unpredictability of when a mental illness may strike would be the leading factor to fully link how to predict and quickly find corrective resources to better educat ed, or reach the right people to better manage their mental health. Therefore, many communitiesRead MoreIndian Health Services898 Words   |  4 PagesIndian Health Service (IHS) The Indian Health Service is an operational division agency within the Department of Health and Human Services (HHA), which is responsible for providing medical and health care services for federally recognized Indian and Alaskan Native American tribes within the United States ranging from community health to primary health care services. The Indian Health Service provides health care and medically needed services to American Indians in health care organizations andRead MoreHealth Promotion Among Diverse Population1142 Words   |  5 Pagesphysical well being, the health of most Americans has increasingly improved. However, the same cannot be said of the health of American Indians and Alaskan Natives. Health improvements for American Indians and Alaska Natives have not improved, with health disparities still existing in areas such as:   infant mortality, chronic diseases such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, asthma, obesity, cirrhosis and liver disease, arthritis, smoking, a nd cancer (Indian Health, n.d.). According to the 2000Read MoreThe American Dental Association Essay1239 Words   |  5 PagesIn the United States alone, millions of Native Americans on reservations are stifled from receiving the much needed dental care they require, the consequences are harmful to their health and prosperity. Tribal sovereignty is defined as the right for an independent tribal authority to govern its members. In regards to dental care, this is the right to train, license, and employ medical professionals. Currently, this system is not working. Native Americans and are faced with oral ailments at a alarminglyRead MoreThe State Of Dental Care For Native Americans Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesstance; healthcare is a service that all people should have access to, private, or public. In the wealthiest country in the world, millions of Native Americans on reservations are stifled from receiving the much needed dental care they deserve, and the consequences are harming. The state of dental care for Native Americans is appalling. Native Americans are faced with oral ailments at a ridiculously disproportionate rate compared to other ethnic or cultural groups, and have limited access to adequateRead MoreHealth Issue : Diabetes Mellitus1670 Words   |  7 Pagesyears or older with diagnosed Diabetes). Population: American Indians/ Alaskan Natives have the highest predominance among all racial populations in the United States in regards to Diabetes mellitus. The rate of diagnosed diabetes among American Indians/ Alaskan Natives is almost 16% as of June 2014 (ADA, 2014). The rates reported for American Indians/ Alaskan Natives were fundamentally higher than non- Hispanic whites and Asian Americans, yet the positions of Hispanics (12.8%) and non- HispanicRead MoreA Selected Leading Cause Of Death And State Why This Was Chosen1310 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduce your selected leading cause of death and state why this was chosen. According to the American Liver Foundation, a healthy liver cleans blood, fights infection processes food and stores energy. The liver is able to regenerate itself, but when it becomes too damaged or is prevented from regenerating, it will fail and no longer be able to keep able to keep one alive (2015). Despite its ability to regenerate, chronic liver disease and cirrhosis is the twelfth leading cause of death of deathRead MoreAmerican Indian Health Care Coverage Essay1091 Words   |  5 PagesAmerican Indian Health Care Coverage The history of the American Indians after the European invasion of the New World is not a pleasant topic. Everyone wants to believe the stories that are told about Squanto, the Pilgrims and the harmony of the first Thanksgiving and then skip the next three hundred years of oppression and racism. Unfortunately, the next three hundred years happened and by the 20th century most Indian tribes as well as their traditional ways of life, had been extinguished. Despite

Hobbes on Institutional Sovereignty - 1088 Words

A right, or power, institutional sovereignty is said to have addresses protest against the sovereign. Hobbes makes extremely clear that actions of the instituted sovereign are wholly protected. This particularly lucid in the following: Thirdly, because the major part hath by consenting voices declared a sovereign, he that dissented mu8st now consent with the rest . . . or else be justly destroyed by the rest. For if he voluntarily entered into the congregation of them that were assembled, he sufficiently declared thereby his will . . . to stand there to what the major part should ordain; and therefore, if he refuse to stand thereto, or make protestation . . . he does contrary to the covenant, and therefore unjustly . . . he must submit†¦show more content†¦It is also important to note that Hobbes brings to light the solvency, or legality, of both types of sovereignty, as both are rooted in fear. That is to say, it is held that â€Å" . . .all such covenants as proceed from fear of death or violence [are] void,† meaning neither sovereignty should maintain legitimacy. However, Hobbes reconciles this by stating that it is after sovereignty is established that fear of death or violence cannot oblige people to agree. (127) Furthermore, simple the presence of fear cannot invalidate covenants, as commonwealths would be impossible to create. (127) Combined with the fact that there exists choice in both institutional and acquisitioned sovereignty, there is support for the legal groundings of both and they are consequently placed on equal footing for asserting their relative claims of right. (128) With regard to the claims of right sovereignty through acquisition has, it shares all of those demonstrated in institutional sovereignty. Hobbes lists these rights that are reflected in sovereignty by acquisition: But the rights and consequences of sovereignty are the same in both. His power cannot, without his consent, be transferred to another; he cannot forfeit it; he cannot be accused by any of his subjects of injury; he cannot be punished by them; he is judge of what is necessary for peace, and judge of doctrines; he is sole legislator, and supreme judge of controversies, and of theShow MoreRelatedSovereignty Essay700 Words   |  3 PagesSovereignty Sovereignty refers to ultimate and absolute authority designated to either an individual or an institutional body. The term sovereignty could be contested due to the fact that there is no universally agreed definition. Thomas Hobbes defined what he considered the basis of a political body as the most high and perpetual. (Hobbes, quoted in Heywood, 1997, p26.) This view has proved rather simplistic. It fails to take into consideration the limitationsRead MorePolitical Legitimacy As Viewed By Thomas Hobbes Vs. Malcolm X1586 Words   |  7 PagesThomas Hobbes vs Malcolm X In â€Å"Leviathan,† Thomas Hobbes believes that citizens choose to obey a sovereign leader in return for security and protection to from violence, chaos and bloodshed that is mankind’s â€Å"state of nature.† In a Commonwealth, the body of people agree to submit to a sovereign head of state to rule with absolute power, for the common good of survival and protection, be it given willingly by compact, or by force through acquisition, as outlined in Chapter XVII. Once sovereignty is inRead MoreLocke’s Political Theory1377 Words   |  6 PagesLocke had undoubtedly aimed to defend ideas that are still being debated today. Rather distinctively, Locke portrays sovereignty as belonging and residing with the people. Unlike Hobbes, we see the state of nature as consisting of equality and there is an existence of natural rights that govern behaviour. Yet, the question is to why a society may need a sovereign if the state of nature was so, arguably, peaceful in the first place. Locke argues that this is because there are bound to be some peopleRead MoreA Political Philosophy Of Erich Przywara s Analogia Entis1835 Words   |  8 Pagespolitical philosophies. Take two other political philosophers Thomas Hobbes and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, specifically regarding the nature of the state. Hobbes seems to take the univocal position; the state is the unification of the people, the body, and the king as the head, forming the Leviathan. With this being said the position flips into equivocity, because the king is seen as the â€Å"greater dissimilarity.† The problem Hobbes runs into is his absolutism; if the king becomes a tyrant, all the citizensRead MoreCicero s Influence On The Modern Political And Legal World3164 Words   |  13 Pagesin the natural fellowship of humanity, which should govern all positive enactments of the state. Measuring positive law against the standard of justice, pushing the boundaries of an already revolutionary doctr ine, Cicero tried to discover the institutional arrangements that would best secure and perpetuate justice for the people. He idealized this through the structures of constitutional government. (Cicero De Legibus I.6.20) Cicero’s work attempted to perfect the actual constitution of Rome, byRead MoreThe Concept of Political Representation Essay2655 Words   |  11 Pagespolitical theorists who wrote about representation include Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Thomas Hobbes discussed the concept of â€Å"implied agreement† in his book, Leviathan, in 1651. He argued that people agreed to give absolute power to a sovereign, who would then be responsible for making and enforcing laws in order to ensure a peaceful society (Hobbes 1996). Hanna Pitkin (1967) stated in her work that Hobbes clarified the central feature of modern representation – the â€Å"authorization†Read Moreexam 1 Essay1953 Words   |  8 Pages True False Question 6 1 / 1 pts Seventeenth-century English Puritans Seventeenth-century English Puritans accepted the tenets of Catholicism with only a few reservations. Correct! were individuals committed to significant institutional change. were firmly supportive of the status quo. were only a tiny minority of all Englishmen. Question 7 0 / 1 pts The Stamp Act of 1765 affected The Stamp Act of 1765 affected only businessmen and merchants. You Answered Read MoreThe Balance Of Power Theory2170 Words   |  9 Pagesaccount of the Melian dialogue, he indirectly referred to countries balancing in response to growing Athenian power and aggression (Thucydides, 1972). Over 1200 years later, Hobbes described balancing in reference to the ability of a confederacy of the weak to overwhelm the strong (Hobbes, 1996). Both Thucydides and Hobbes reference a type of balancing aimed at reestablishing an equilibrium of power within the international system. Gulick referred to this behavior by states as a doctrine of counterpoiseRead MoreThe Balance Of Power Theory2162 Words   |  9 PagesThucydides’ account of the Melian dialogue, he indirectly refers to countries balancing in response to growing Athenian power and aggression (Thucydides, 1972). Over 1200 years later, Hobbes described balancing in reference to the ability of a confederacy of the weak to overwhelm the strong (Hobbes, 1996). Both Thucydides and Hobbes refe rence a type of balancing aimed at reestablishing an equilibrium of power within the international system. Gulick refers to this behavior by states as a doctrine of counterpoiseRead MoreEssay about Transatlantic Constitutions: Comparing the US and the EU4377 Words   |  18 Pagesgovernment. (Fabbrini, 2004, p.549) This means that the power has to be derived from the people: in short, the constitution IS the people and stems from their wishes and desires. That is why, for example, Governors have to operate within the institutional constraints defined by citizens through their constitution. (Fabbrini, 2004, p.549) Going back to the American Way of doing things, the constitution is a written document that is separate from other legal texts since: ol li value=1

When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Personal Reflection Free Essays

The book, when Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit introduces a very intelligent, smart, and social girl Anna, who has a brother named Max, and lives with her mother and father. Her father has many connections to other people since he is a well known Jewish writer; therefore, he knew to move to Switzerland in case Hitler won the elections and took control. Anna does not know how lucky she is to be saved from all the trouble taking place in all of Germany. We will write a custom essay sample on When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Personal Reflection or any similar topic only for you Order Now Going from country to country is hard for any family, and I know it would be hard for me, but Anna showed me that it does not matter what appends as long as we have our family together. When Anna warned her dad about almost being led to the train to Germany, it showed how bright she was. She adapted to the Switzerland lifestyle very quickly. She made many new friends and even the boys wanted to play with her. Instead of being homesick and complaining about wanting to go back, she taught me to make the best of difficult situations and find the positive in everything. A few months later she had to move to Paris, France. Moving constantly is something I would hate to do, especially on train, but she kept a positive attitude the whole way. She struggled to speak French and in school, and sometimes she could not do anything about it. Her difficult time are an example that nothing can always go the way you want It to. During the story, there was a problem where one of the beds ended up breaking, and they needed to hire someone to fix It. The person who they hired to fix the bed turned out to be anta- Jewish and rude. Her mother was extremely upset and kicked him out of the house. They decided to move away to England with an uncle. Her mom Is a strong example of letting the negative Influences go away and Instead being with better, positive Influences like family. Father worked hard in his writing Job and It reminds me of my parents and their hard work to support my family. Without the work they do, we would not be able to have what we have. Mother also relates to my mom, they both make sure we do well In school and stay focused. Without mother, Anna would not be motivated to continue to try and learn French. When Max and Anna fight, It reminds me of how I do not always get along with my siblings and sometimes we get Into arguments. In the end, the argument never matters. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Is a great book that shows the world through the perspective of a ten year old girl. I related to Anna and her life struggles. Anna and her family stay together through the whole experience, and they find out a way to make their dangerous situation work. This story leads me to believe that everything happens for a reason, and whatever happens, have a positive look to It because everything happens for a reason. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Personal Reflection By lawlessly always go the way you want it to. During the story, there was a problem where one of the beds ended up breaking, and they needed to hire someone to fix it. The person who they hired to fix the bed turned out to be anti- Jewish and rude. Her mother was England with an uncle. Her mom is a strong example of letting the negative influences go away and instead being with better, positive influences like family. Father worked hard in his writing Job and it reminds me of my parents and their hard what we have. Mother also relates to my mom, they both make sure we do well in to try and learn French. When Max and Anna fight, it reminds me of how I do not always get along with my siblings and sometimes we get into arguments. In the end, the argument never matters. When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit is a great book that positive look to it because everything happens for a reason. How to cite When Hitler Stole Pink Rabbit Personal Reflection, Papers

Impact of Industrial Revolution on Australian Economy

Question: Discuss about the Impact of Industrial Revolution on Australian Economy. Answer: Introduction: Australia is mostly an agricultural country. The major portion of the revenue is generated from this sector. However the industrial growth in the country has seen a major development over the past few decades (McLachlan 2013). The industrial sector has shown improvement with the help of various government policies and major structural changes. The international sector of industry is gradually growing at a much faster rate (Australia 2014). The Australian economy has faced major challenges due to this. The major industrial sectors are mining, services, manufacturing, construction and others (Eichengreen and Gupta 2013). Some of these sectors have shown a rapid growth over the years while the other sectors have shown a sharp decline. The research has been done mainly to explore the growth and development of all these sectors over the years (Marginson 2015). The effects of these sectors in the GDP of the country have also been studied in this research work. This research work will give a brief idea about the major changes brought about by the entire industrial sector on the GDP of the country (Ouyang and Lin 2015). In this proposal an outline idea about the data collection methods and the analysis of such data are given. The proposal also gives an idea about the methods of analysis of such data and the expected outcome from that research. Problem statement: The problem statement in this research work is to analyze the growth and development of the industrial sector in Australia and the effect of such change on the GDP of the country. Literature review: The industrial sector in Australia is growing at a very fast rate. The major sectors in the Australian economy are its service sector, mining sector, the construction and engineering and other services such as the IT industry (Marginson 2015). The economy of Australia can be stated to be a mixed type of economy. The GDP of Australia is $1.62 trillion dollar. Among these GDP, majority is contributed by the service sector (Ouyang and Lin 2015). The GDP of Australia contributes to 1.7% to the worlds economy. The service sector o Australia is a dominating sector (Lewis 2015). This sector contributes to 68% of the total economy of the country. The mining sector also contributes about 8% of the GDP of the country. The rate of growth of the GDP of Australia is about 3.5% per year. The mining sector is very well developed in Australia. The mining sector also attracted foreign capital investment over the year. The iron ore and gold are the chief mining products in Australia. The infrastructure, transportation and communication are also well developed in the country. All these facilities have led to the industrial advancement in the country. The Australian GDP grew 3.6% on account of the development of this sector (Fleming and Measham 2015). In the current year, the other industries like software, medical research and others area also growing. With an increasing demand of IT and software product all over the world, the IT industry is growing at an alarming rate. The medical research industry is less popular in Australia (Haufler 2013). However, this sector has a wide opportunity for employment and research. The country has shown great advancement in neuroscience research and ranks fourth in the world. The construction industry is also a rapidly growing industrial sector of the country. The construction research has offered employment to numerous people starting from accountant to the operation managing services (Crawford, French and Lloyd-Walker 2013). In this growing technology, the web start up sectors and financial management sectors has also shown a rapid bloom. These sectors have provided employment to the youths of the country (Cunningham 2013). The graph of industrial production shows an increasing trend over the years. The industrial production has increased by 3.61% in the year 2016. The average rate of industrial growth from the year 1975 to the year 2016 is 2.4%. The growth was highest in the year 1987(12.77%) (Stoeckl et al. 2013). The industrial sector has shown an improvement over the years. With the passage of time the new sectors like IT, software development are taking the place of the traditional sectors. Research aim: The industrial sector in Australia is growing at a rapid rate. This sector also contributes to the GDP of the country. The aim of the research work is to study the growth of industrial sector in Australia over the years and the effect of such change on the GDP of the country. The objective of the research is to analyze the growth of industrial sector in the country Australia and its effect on the GDP of the country. The main research questions in this research work are given below: What is the current rate o growt in the industrial sector? How has the growth of the sector led to the development of the country? What is the rate of employment in this sector? How this sector affects the GDP of the country? What are the major changes brought about in this sector over the past few years? How has the government policies and structural changes affected this sector? Variables and hypothesis: The main variables in this research are concerned with the growth of industrial sector of the country. The major industrial sectors has been identified as the mining sector, services sector, manufacturing, construction, information technology and other sectors. The overall growth of these sectors, the revenue generated from these sectors, the employment status in these sectors, the import and export values are studied for the research. All these factors are taken as the independent variable. The GDP of the country is taken as the dependent variable of the study. The hypothesis of the study is given as follows: H0: The industrial growth has no impact on the GDP of the country. H1: The industrial sector has a positive impact on the GDP of the country. Research methodology: The research methodology section covers the ways by which data collection takes place for the research work. The data collected for the study is basically secondary data. The data about the growth of these sectors, GDP of the country, employment status in these sectors are available from the Australian national statistics website and also from other official sites. The qualitative methodology has been chosen for the research. The research has been carried out by deductive approach. The hypothesis of the research has been formulated in the first step. The data collection process takes place thereafter. Then analysis of such data has been carried out for the test of hypothesis. The data is basically a secondary data. Therefore, the data collection takes place by the method of non probability sampling. The overall statistics has been collected for the past 5 years for the study. The data has been collected for some major industrial sectors like the mining, construction, engineering, information technology and others. Analysis: The data analysis takes place with the help of various statistical techniques such as median, mean, standard deviation, correlation and others. A time series analysis will be conducted for the different variables to study the trend of the values over the years. The time series analysis will reveal whether the different values have shown a growth over the years or not. A cluster analysis can also be performed to see which of the sectors has shown a growth over the years. A regression analysis can also be done by taking the GDP as the dependent variable and the other variables as the independent variables. A significant value of the regression co efficient will prove that the variable has an effect on the GDP of the country. Research process: The research process section describes the ways by which the entire research is going to be carried out. The first step in any research is the identification of the research problem. Once the research problem is being identified, the very next step is to conduct an extensive literature review on the research topic to find out the main problems in the research. The data collection for the research starts thereafter. The next step is the analysis of the data. The conclusion s and the final research capstone will be completed thereafter. The Gantt chart for the research is given below: Week 1 Week 2 Week 6 Week 10 Week 12 Identification of problem Literature review Data collection Analysis Final Capstone due Figure: Gantt chart of the research (Source: Created by author) Expected outcome: It is expected that the null hypothesis of the research will be rejected. The rejection of the null hypothesis and the acceptance of the alternative hypothesis of the research will indicate that the research has a positive outcome. The industrial growth sector will have a positive impact on the GDP of the country. Conclusion: The research will be conducted to know about the effect of the growth of the industrial sector on the GDP of the country. The proposal gives an idea about the data collection method. The methods of analysis of the data and the expected results from the research are also given in this proposal. The literature review section reveals that the industrial sector in the country Australia is rapidly growing. Therefore, it is expected that the research will have a positive result. References: Australia, D., 2014. Australian Dairy Industry.Dairy Australia. Available online: www. dairyaustralia. com. au/Industry-information/About-the-industry. aspx. Crawford, L., French, E. and Lloyd-Walker, B., 2013. From outpost to outback: project career paths in Australia.International Journal of Project Management,31(8), pp.1175-1187. Cunningham, S., 2013.Hidden innovation: Policy, industry and the creative sector. University of Queensland Press (Australia). Eichengreen, B. and Gupta, P., 2013. The two waves of service-sector growth.Oxford Economic Papers,65(1), pp.96-123. Fleming, D.A. and Measham, T.G., 2015. Local economic impacts of an unconventional energy boom: the coal seam gas industry in Australia.Australian Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics,59(1), pp.78-94. Haufler, V., 2013.A public role for the private sector: Industry self-regulation in a global economy. Carnegie Endowment. Lewis, W.A., 2015.The evolution of the international economic order. Princeton University Press. Marginson, S., 2015. Is Australia overdependent on international students?.International Higher Education, (54). McLachlan, R., 2013. Deep and Persistent Disadvantage in Australia-Productivity Commission Staff Working Paper. Ouyang, X. and Lin, B., 2015. An analysis of the driving forces of energy-related carbon dioxide emissions in Chinas industrial sector.Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews,45, pp.838-849. Shahiduzzaman, M. and Alam, K., 2013. Changes in energy efficiency in Australia: a decomposition of aggregate energy intensity using logarithmic mean Divisia approach.Energy Policy,56, pp.341-351. Stoeckl, N., Jackson, S., Pantus, F., Finn, M., Kennard, M.J. and Pusey, B.J., 2013. An integrated assessment of financial, hydrological, ecological and social impacts of developmenton Indigenous and non-Indigenous people in northern Australia.Biological Conservation,159, pp.214-221.

The United States and National Security, and Domin Essay Example For Students

The United States and National Security, and Domin Essay ant Party in Balance of PowerThe emergence of the United States as a dominant party in balance ofpower equations is a relatively new phenomenon in world history. New militarytechnology coupled with increased global integration has allowed the UnitedStates to reinvent the fundamental assumptions of international diplomacy whilepropelling itself to the top of the hegemonic stepladder. This positioning wasachieved piecemeal during the course of the first two world wars, but it wasntuntil the deployment of the atomic bomb that the U.S.. assumed its position as atrue superpower. The years that followed this unparalleled ascension are themost fascinating times in the history of U.S. international relations. Hopefully,an investigation into this atomic diplomacy, along with a balanced analysis ofthe problems of conceptualizing and implementing containment, will provideinsight for our current efforts to devise a workable post-war national securitypolicy. There is no way to tell the story of post-war national security withoutalso telling the story of George Kennen. Kennen, the foremost expert of SovietAffairs in early post-war America, is almost wholly responsible for the policyof containment. What we must remember under Kennens containment is that nucleardiplomacy is not separate from other national security measures as it is oftentoday. Nuclear weapons were part of an integrated system of containment anddeterrence. Truman told Kennen in early 1947 that our weapons of massdestruction are not fail-safe devices, but instead the fundamental bedrock ofAmerican security (Gaddis 56). They were never intended as first strike weaponsand had no real tactical value. The bomb is purely strategic, and its valuecomes not from its destructive capabilities, but from its political andpsychological ramifications. Kennen was never naive enough to view the bomb asan offensive weapon. In his long memorandum The International Control of AtomicEnergy, Ken nen noted that there could be no way in which weapons of massdestruction could be made to serve rational ends beyond simply deterring theoutbreak of hostilities (Kennen 39). Even at this early point, Kennen began toalso recognize the potential of the bomb to completely wreck balance of powerarrangements. Simply achieving higher potentials of destruction would notnecessarily lead to a better negotiating position with the Soviets. Truman hadnever considered not creating the hydrogen bomb, despite Kennens objections. Trumans justified his adamant support of the super bomb for bargainingpurposes with the Russians. Kennens point, of course, had been that the verydecision to build the hydrogen bomb would inhibit bargaining with the Russianson international control, since the Kremlin was unlikely to negotiate from aposition of weakness. Most of the American national security structure viewedthis as fallacious. Trumans perception was that the United States, as atechnology rich but man power short nation, was operating from a position ofweakness, since of necessity is relied more heavily than did the Soviet Union onweapons of mass destruction to maintain the balance of power. The Soviet atomictest in 1949 had upset that balance. Only by building the super bomb, it wasthought, could equilibrium be regained. It would not be until the Kennedyadministration that Kennen would be vindicated and an awareness would developof the basic unsoundness of a defense posture based primarily on weaponsindiscriminately destructive and suicidal in their implications (Kennen 365). The late mistakes of the Truman administration would be carried overinto the Eisenhower years. Nuclear deployment became the primary Americansecurity measure, naturally leading the Soviets to do the same. The problems ofthe Eisenhower years stemmed directly from the overconfidence in the U.S. nuclear program to achieve tangible military objectives in the face of increasedhostilities. John Foster Dulles, the symbol of bipartisan cooperation on foreignpolicy, began to advocate the nuclear response. The impotence of our standingarmy compared to the Soviets military behemoth was clear to all U.S. policyadvisors. There was no way in which we could match Russia gun for gun, tank fortank, at anytime, in any place. Johns brother Allen Dulles, CIA director underEisenhower, said to do so would mean real strength nowhere and bankruptcyeverywhere (Gaddis 121). Instead, the U.S. response to Soviet aggressions wouldbe made on our terms. J.F. Dulles solution was typical strategic asymmetry, butof a particular kind. His recommendations prompted a world in which we couldand would strike back where it hurts, by means of out own choosing. This couldbe done most effectively by relying on atomic weapons, and on the strategic airand naval power necessary to deliver them (Dulles 147). This unba lancedstrategic equation between the two superpowers was not even the most dangerousflaw of the 1950s. None Provided8 Argumentative EssayGaddis agrees, saying Vietnam was the unexpected legacy of the flexibleresponse: not fine tuning, but clumsy overreaction, not coordination butdisproportion, not strategic precision, but in the end, a strategic vacuum(Gaddis 273). The 1968 campaign was unusual in that, unlike 1952 and 1960, itprovided little indication of the direction in which the new administrationwould move into office. In addition, the world facing the new administration of1968 was one ripe with possibilities of new approaches. To usher in these newstrategies, Nixon choose Dr. Henry Kissenger as his national security advisor. Kissengers conceptual approach to the making of national security policyeliminated the crisis based flexible response system. Crises, he said, weresymptoms of deeper problems that if allowed to fester would prove increasinglyunmanageable (Kissenger 275). Kissenger was one of the first to recognize theshift from a bipolar to multipolar world. This was a natural resultmodernization, and therefore, traditional bipolar nuclear strategy began to loseimportance, like Kissenger had predicted five years earlier. Before this point,United States interests were effectively met by its Pax Americana enforced onthe world by U.S. weapons of war. By 1968, however, Nixon knew he had to dealwith the world in a much less dynamic fashion. What Nixon and Kissenger did with their concept of a multipolar worldorder was to arrive at a conception of interests independent of threats. Gaddispoints out that since those interests required equilibrium but not ideologicalconsistency, it followed that the United States could feasibly work with statesof differing and even antithetic social systems as long as they shared theAmerican interest in countering challenges to global stability (Gaddis 285). This has become the primary guiding doctrine in American foreign policy sincethat time. Once this official policy shift was made, nuclear weapons becameexactly what they originally were: symbols for deterrence. The only continuingreason any nations of the nuclear club still deploy nuclear weapons is to deterhostility from other nations. The depth and complexity of American securitypolicy reaches far beyond the scope of this investigation, but hopefully therole of the atomic bomb in U.S. foreign affairs is somewhat more clear. Today,nuclear diplomacy is dead. The world has somehow adapted to weapons of massdestruction, and the diplomatic and military strategy of nuclear weapons is farfrom the minds of U.S. officials in the State Department. The world has moved onto a new age in international relations. Kissenger said in 1968 that there wasnow no single decisive index by which the influence of states can be measured(Kissenger 277). As much as we might like to indict the policies of nuc leardiplomacy for all its self-indulgent insanity, we must bear in mind that it wassomehow successful. Not one atomic bomb fell onto a nation from Kennen toKissenger, and that should show the altruistic commitment by men of power tokeep the unthinkable thinkable. Category: History

How to Find and Read a Sample Essay

How to Find and Read a Sample EssayWhen I was in college, there was no single program to master a sample essay. Each college we attended had its own program that told us how to make our own essays. So we were required to find out all the little things that would make our essay stand out from the rest. This process was really painful and involved tons of information gathering.You would start studying by writing a paragraph that you called the summary. The summary would be where you discussed the first three major parts of your college application. After reading the summary, you would get to write an essay about each section that you were really interested in. You were given enough information to write the whole essay, but it would still be hard for you to finish because the summary was a good way to go. So then you would do the same process and review the other sections.Colleges would choose their applications based on their essays. At that time, colleges wanted to see that you were s erious in your education and would truly want to get into college. So this meant that you need to have a great writing skill, knowledge of certain subjects, and the passion in completing the task. This is why some colleges gave students points if they finished it right away. If you were able to write a very good essay, you will be able to earn lots of points for your application.You will have to have a lot of patience while applying to colleges, because they will only put your essay on their website. They would not give you any points for it. So it would be best if you wait until after you have applied to the college that you are really interested in.When the essay is posted on the website, you will notice that there are a few good point in it. If you have a good writing style, you may be able to make a good impression on the admissions committee. Once the essay is posted, the next step would be to read through it. Usually it's best if you read it at least three times. You may find that it would help you learn how to write a better essay.For those that are still applying to colleges, one thing that you can do is to just check the colleges that are less competitive. This means that you will only have to put in extra effort to the university that you want to go to. If you are interested in getting into a more competitive college, you can also apply to them. This may also help you get into the school that you want.Hopefully, you now know that a sample essay can be useful for you. It is best to write your own essays so that you will be confident and able to show that you have the capability of writing a good one. Just make sure that you use the tips above in order to be successful.

The Effects of Plastic Bags on Environment free essay sample

The usage of the plastic becomes more negative effects on the health and environment. It affected by plastic bags because we dispose of all of them incorrectly and harmful when using in large quantity and also because of the unaware of the consequences of using the plastic bags. This part needed to be alert because plastic bags are always used and then it also will be exposed us to the dangerous by continuing of using the plastic bags. Therefore, by changing our ways of life can help to reduce the harmful which is effected to the human and others.As people know, plastic is chemical materials which pose to the environmental problem such as air pollution and drainage blockage problem. The plastic pollution can cause many problems such as a disease which are very costly to treat and it also will be difficult to manage. Before this happened, why not we need to be aware of ourselves and the surrounding from everything that can be happened. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Plastic Bags on Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Next, when the burning of the plastics it can cause the air pollution. From the burning of plastics, there are too much of the dangerous gas contained in it. The pollutants also can affect the ozone layer and global warming. It also can affect the human’s health. Plastics are composed of petrochemicals that can produce the acid rain as the chemicals released into the atmosphere. Next, if too much of the plastics in the drain it may affect to the drainage system. That’s why plastics is the either one of the factors that can cause the blockage of the drainage system. This will happen especially during the rainy seasons and also cause the flooding. Lastly, maybe our country will the loss of tourism. Can be highlighted here, nobody wants to interact with the dirty environment.After that, to overcome the problem of the plastic issue, we need to find the alternative ways to overcome this problem. Biodegradable is the one best way that can be used to protect the environment from the harmful materials and waste material. For example, using the reusable bags made of other fabrics instead of using plastic is also the best way that can reduce the air pollution. This is because this fabrics are environmentally friendly and can be used repeatedly to reduce waste. Next steps are the most important that need to be alert is proper waste disposal, which is throwing the plastics in the placed that already served. When used all the methods, it will reduce the usage of the plastic bags. Besides that, do the recycle method where are separate the collecting wasted based on the dustbin. This method also can reduce the drainage blockage problems and air pollution can be prevented. Other than that, do the campaign that can encourage people to use less harmful material and use more materials that good for nature than use the scientific method such as for reducing, reuse and recycle.