The United States and National Security, and Domin Essay Example For Students

The United States and National Security, and Domin Essay ant Party in Balance of PowerThe emergence of the United States as a dominant party in balance ofpower equations is a relatively new phenomenon in world history. New militarytechnology coupled with increased global integration has allowed the UnitedStates to reinvent the fundamental assumptions of international diplomacy whilepropelling itself to the top of the hegemonic stepladder. This positioning wasachieved piecemeal during the course of the first two world wars, but it wasntuntil the deployment of the atomic bomb that the U.S.. assumed its position as atrue superpower. The years that followed this unparalleled ascension are themost fascinating times in the history of U.S. international relations. Hopefully,an investigation into this atomic diplomacy, along with a balanced analysis ofthe problems of conceptualizing and implementing containment, will provideinsight for our current efforts to devise a workable post-war national securitypolicy. There is no way to tell the story of post-war national security withoutalso telling the story of George Kennen. Kennen, the foremost expert of SovietAffairs in early post-war America, is almost wholly responsible for the policyof containment. What we must remember under Kennens containment is that nucleardiplomacy is not separate from other national security measures as it is oftentoday. Nuclear weapons were part of an integrated system of containment anddeterrence. Truman told Kennen in early 1947 that our weapons of massdestruction are not fail-safe devices, but instead the fundamental bedrock ofAmerican security (Gaddis 56). They were never intended as first strike weaponsand had no real tactical value. The bomb is purely strategic, and its valuecomes not from its destructive capabilities, but from its political andpsychological ramifications. Kennen was never naive enough to view the bomb asan offensive weapon. In his long memorandum The International Control of AtomicEnergy, Ken nen noted that there could be no way in which weapons of massdestruction could be made to serve rational ends beyond simply deterring theoutbreak of hostilities (Kennen 39). Even at this early point, Kennen began toalso recognize the potential of the bomb to completely wreck balance of powerarrangements. Simply achieving higher potentials of destruction would notnecessarily lead to a better negotiating position with the Soviets. Truman hadnever considered not creating the hydrogen bomb, despite Kennens objections. Trumans justified his adamant support of the super bomb for bargainingpurposes with the Russians. Kennens point, of course, had been that the verydecision to build the hydrogen bomb would inhibit bargaining with the Russianson international control, since the Kremlin was unlikely to negotiate from aposition of weakness. Most of the American national security structure viewedthis as fallacious. Trumans perception was that the United States, as atechnology rich but man power short nation, was operating from a position ofweakness, since of necessity is relied more heavily than did the Soviet Union onweapons of mass destruction to maintain the balance of power. The Soviet atomictest in 1949 had upset that balance. Only by building the super bomb, it wasthought, could equilibrium be regained. It would not be until the Kennedyadministration that Kennen would be vindicated and an awareness would developof the basic unsoundness of a defense posture based primarily on weaponsindiscriminately destructive and suicidal in their implications (Kennen 365). The late mistakes of the Truman administration would be carried overinto the Eisenhower years. Nuclear deployment became the primary Americansecurity measure, naturally leading the Soviets to do the same. The problems ofthe Eisenhower years stemmed directly from the overconfidence in the U.S. nuclear program to achieve tangible military objectives in the face of increasedhostilities. John Foster Dulles, the symbol of bipartisan cooperation on foreignpolicy, began to advocate the nuclear response. The impotence of our standingarmy compared to the Soviets military behemoth was clear to all U.S. policyadvisors. There was no way in which we could match Russia gun for gun, tank fortank, at anytime, in any place. Johns brother Allen Dulles, CIA director underEisenhower, said to do so would mean real strength nowhere and bankruptcyeverywhere (Gaddis 121). Instead, the U.S. response to Soviet aggressions wouldbe made on our terms. J.F. Dulles solution was typical strategic asymmetry, butof a particular kind. His recommendations prompted a world in which we couldand would strike back where it hurts, by means of out own choosing. This couldbe done most effectively by relying on atomic weapons, and on the strategic airand naval power necessary to deliver them (Dulles 147). This unba lancedstrategic equation between the two superpowers was not even the most dangerousflaw of the 1950s. None Provided8 Argumentative EssayGaddis agrees, saying Vietnam was the unexpected legacy of the flexibleresponse: not fine tuning, but clumsy overreaction, not coordination butdisproportion, not strategic precision, but in the end, a strategic vacuum(Gaddis 273). The 1968 campaign was unusual in that, unlike 1952 and 1960, itprovided little indication of the direction in which the new administrationwould move into office. In addition, the world facing the new administration of1968 was one ripe with possibilities of new approaches. To usher in these newstrategies, Nixon choose Dr. Henry Kissenger as his national security advisor. Kissengers conceptual approach to the making of national security policyeliminated the crisis based flexible response system. Crises, he said, weresymptoms of deeper problems that if allowed to fester would prove increasinglyunmanageable (Kissenger 275). Kissenger was one of the first to recognize theshift from a bipolar to multipolar world. This was a natural resultmodernization, and therefore, traditional bipolar nuclear strategy began to loseimportance, like Kissenger had predicted five years earlier. Before this point,United States interests were effectively met by its Pax Americana enforced onthe world by U.S. weapons of war. By 1968, however, Nixon knew he had to dealwith the world in a much less dynamic fashion. What Nixon and Kissenger did with their concept of a multipolar worldorder was to arrive at a conception of interests independent of threats. Gaddispoints out that since those interests required equilibrium but not ideologicalconsistency, it followed that the United States could feasibly work with statesof differing and even antithetic social systems as long as they shared theAmerican interest in countering challenges to global stability (Gaddis 285). This has become the primary guiding doctrine in American foreign policy sincethat time. Once this official policy shift was made, nuclear weapons becameexactly what they originally were: symbols for deterrence. The only continuingreason any nations of the nuclear club still deploy nuclear weapons is to deterhostility from other nations. The depth and complexity of American securitypolicy reaches far beyond the scope of this investigation, but hopefully therole of the atomic bomb in U.S. foreign affairs is somewhat more clear. Today,nuclear diplomacy is dead. The world has somehow adapted to weapons of massdestruction, and the diplomatic and military strategy of nuclear weapons is farfrom the minds of U.S. officials in the State Department. The world has moved onto a new age in international relations. Kissenger said in 1968 that there wasnow no single decisive index by which the influence of states can be measured(Kissenger 277). As much as we might like to indict the policies of nuc leardiplomacy for all its self-indulgent insanity, we must bear in mind that it wassomehow successful. Not one atomic bomb fell onto a nation from Kennen toKissenger, and that should show the altruistic commitment by men of power tokeep the unthinkable thinkable. Category: History

How to Find and Read a Sample Essay

How to Find and Read a Sample EssayWhen I was in college, there was no single program to master a sample essay. Each college we attended had its own program that told us how to make our own essays. So we were required to find out all the little things that would make our essay stand out from the rest. This process was really painful and involved tons of information gathering.You would start studying by writing a paragraph that you called the summary. The summary would be where you discussed the first three major parts of your college application. After reading the summary, you would get to write an essay about each section that you were really interested in. You were given enough information to write the whole essay, but it would still be hard for you to finish because the summary was a good way to go. So then you would do the same process and review the other sections.Colleges would choose their applications based on their essays. At that time, colleges wanted to see that you were s erious in your education and would truly want to get into college. So this meant that you need to have a great writing skill, knowledge of certain subjects, and the passion in completing the task. This is why some colleges gave students points if they finished it right away. If you were able to write a very good essay, you will be able to earn lots of points for your application.You will have to have a lot of patience while applying to colleges, because they will only put your essay on their website. They would not give you any points for it. So it would be best if you wait until after you have applied to the college that you are really interested in.When the essay is posted on the website, you will notice that there are a few good point in it. If you have a good writing style, you may be able to make a good impression on the admissions committee. Once the essay is posted, the next step would be to read through it. Usually it's best if you read it at least three times. You may find that it would help you learn how to write a better essay.For those that are still applying to colleges, one thing that you can do is to just check the colleges that are less competitive. This means that you will only have to put in extra effort to the university that you want to go to. If you are interested in getting into a more competitive college, you can also apply to them. This may also help you get into the school that you want.Hopefully, you now know that a sample essay can be useful for you. It is best to write your own essays so that you will be confident and able to show that you have the capability of writing a good one. Just make sure that you use the tips above in order to be successful.

The Effects of Plastic Bags on Environment free essay sample

The usage of the plastic becomes more negative effects on the health and environment. It affected by plastic bags because we dispose of all of them incorrectly and harmful when using in large quantity and also because of the unaware of the consequences of using the plastic bags. This part needed to be alert because plastic bags are always used and then it also will be exposed us to the dangerous by continuing of using the plastic bags. Therefore, by changing our ways of life can help to reduce the harmful which is effected to the human and others.As people know, plastic is chemical materials which pose to the environmental problem such as air pollution and drainage blockage problem. The plastic pollution can cause many problems such as a disease which are very costly to treat and it also will be difficult to manage. Before this happened, why not we need to be aware of ourselves and the surrounding from everything that can be happened. We will write a custom essay sample on The Effects of Plastic Bags on Environment or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Next, when the burning of the plastics it can cause the air pollution. From the burning of plastics, there are too much of the dangerous gas contained in it. The pollutants also can affect the ozone layer and global warming. It also can affect the human’s health. Plastics are composed of petrochemicals that can produce the acid rain as the chemicals released into the atmosphere. Next, if too much of the plastics in the drain it may affect to the drainage system. That’s why plastics is the either one of the factors that can cause the blockage of the drainage system. This will happen especially during the rainy seasons and also cause the flooding. Lastly, maybe our country will the loss of tourism. Can be highlighted here, nobody wants to interact with the dirty environment.After that, to overcome the problem of the plastic issue, we need to find the alternative ways to overcome this problem. Biodegradable is the one best way that can be used to protect the environment from the harmful materials and waste material. For example, using the reusable bags made of other fabrics instead of using plastic is also the best way that can reduce the air pollution. This is because this fabrics are environmentally friendly and can be used repeatedly to reduce waste. Next steps are the most important that need to be alert is proper waste disposal, which is throwing the plastics in the placed that already served. When used all the methods, it will reduce the usage of the plastic bags. Besides that, do the recycle method where are separate the collecting wasted based on the dustbin. This method also can reduce the drainage blockage problems and air pollution can be prevented. Other than that, do the campaign that can encourage people to use less harmful material and use more materials that good for nature than use the scientific method such as for reducing, reuse and recycle.

Free Essays on School Veto Power Over Books On Reading List

in it that may offend people, there may be a reason that the teacher has picked the book. I firmly believe that if the teacher can give a logical reason for keeping the book because of questionable terms, then that the book should be allowed. Still, parents and those opposed to the book must be heard as well. There might be a logical reason why the book shouldn’t be on the list; that is where the voting comes into play. Overall, some type of agreement has to be made among parents, administrators, and teacher. Both parties need to be open and flexible and both need to keep the best interest of the children as their top priorities. The parents don’t have all of the power in this case. Nor do the teachers. They should have equal power, and i... Free Essays on School Veto Power Over Books On Reading List Free Essays on School Veto Power Over Books On Reading List Why should or shouldn’t we let parents have veto power over which books their children may be taught in public schools? There are many theories on this topic and feelings go both ways. Can parents really have an important opinion or do they have to just agree with the books that have been put on the list? Obviously this question has to be addressed and action must take place, but what do we do? In my opinion, the school’s English department carries most of the power in public schools when deciding which books will be read by the students. If a representative group of parents, teachers or administrators view a particular book unacceptable for students, then there should be an opportunity for them to discuss their consensus with those who have an opposing view. The teachers decision is not the final decision in this case. For example, if a word is used in a book that the teachers see as adequate for children to read but others disagree, some type of voting system should be set up to settle this problem. One reason that teachers choose a book for students to read is that they hope the book will help students become better readers and more developed people. If the book has words in it that may offend people, there may be a reason that the teacher has picked the book. I firmly believe that if the teacher can give a logical reason for keeping the book because of questionable terms, then that the book should be allowed. Still, parents and those opposed to the book must be heard as well. There might be a logical reason why the book shouldn’t be on the list; that is where the voting comes into play. Overall, some type of agreement has to be made among parents, administrators, and teacher. Both parties need to be open and flexible and both need to keep the best interest of the children as their top priorities. The parents don’t have all of the power in this case. Nor do the teachers. They should have equal power, and i...

Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Theology - Essay Example By nature, man is a religious being. His belief systems, and his concept of his Maker, make up a very core part of his personality. Religious activities, such as going to church, are the norm in every society. Non-believers constitute a miniscule minority in the world. Culture, social activities and even politics, are all based on religion. In this context, religious studies serve as an essential tool to the understanding of ourselves and of the society in which we live. It is no longer possible to live in a ‘religious vacuum,’ solely consisting of the knowledge of one’s own religion. The magic of technology has shrunk the world, and borders are increasingly becoming mere geographical features. The free movement of people has brought all religions together in close proximity. For example, practices such as transcendental meditation and yoga, which were previously considered to be a part of religion, are now a part of the culture of healthy living. When I consider my choice of a liberal education, I realize that the main attraction is the opportunity to gain a holistic education, which will help me develop a well-rounded personality.

Othello a tragic hero Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Othello a tragic hero - Essay Example Othello is a valiant soldier, a Black Moor from Cyprus, who now owes allegiance to Venice, and has been elevated to a position of General and is the admired protector of the city. He has been raised to this position of eminence by the White Senators of the city who see in him the savior of the city. Othello has taken Desdemona, daughter of Barbantio, as his wife, with her will, and the father is grieved at this match of his white daughter to the black Moor, who he considers a foreigner despite his polished manners and exalted position. Iago, a soldier Othello trusts, but who is not chosen as his lieutenant, is jealous of Othello on two counts. One he presents as not being chosen as his rightful lieutenant, and second his own lust for Desdemonia whom he desired but was denied by Desdemona herself. Seeking vengeance, Iago spins a deceitful plot by tainting Desdemona as unfaithful and having an affair with Cassio, the lieutenant Othello had chosen in preference over Iago, and Othello fa lls into the trap. Othello dismisses Cassio from his service and when Desdemona pleads with Othello for his reinstatement, it merely serves Iago’s cause and firms up his allegation about her in Othello’s confused mind. Othello then confronts her with the accusation of unfaithfulness and refuses he plea of innocence and kills her. Iago had earlier used Emily his wife, who unwittingly aided him, but when realization dawns on her she tries to make amends and clarifies her role and that of Desdemona to Othello, but it is too late.

Consideration of baseline in EIA

Consideration of baseline in EIA Consideration of baseline in EIA Chapter one: Introduction 1.1 EIA and Baseline Environmental impact assessment, EIA was developed in order to provide decision makers with an understanding of the environmental consequences of a proposed development. It provides information on the nature and extent of impacts arising from the construction and operation of proposed projects. This is presented in environmental reports that contain information required by the EIA directives. These required information may include; a description of the proposed project, an outline of main project alternatives, description and assessment of aspects of environment likely to be significantly affected by the proposed development and a description of measures established to manage significant adverse effects on the environment. A key element of EIA is to provide adequate description of the current environment condition, otherwise referred to as baseline assessment. They are often referred to as the environmental setting, existing conditions, affected environment, background environment, environmental conditions, environmental receptors, and baseline data (Shepherd, 2006, Canter 1996, Eccleston, 2001). The need for its consideration in EIA is a topic raised by several researchers (Wood 2003, Glasson et al., 2005, Carroll and Turpin 2009, Lawrence 2003, Morris and Therivel 2009, Wathern, 1992). For them baseline can be regarded as the main support for the EIA process, which identifies existing environmental conditions and relevant potential areas that may be affected by a proposed project. The importance of baseline is also manifested in EU regulations. It is moreover set in EIA directives (schedule 4, part 11) that the current environmental conditions of the study area, its possible future evolution and tech nical deficiencies/ limitation experienced while carrying out the study should be reported in an environmental statement. Studies (Wathern 1992, Glasson et al., 2005; Andre et al., 2004, Wood, 2007) revealed that despite its roles and benefits in the EIA process, the aspects of baseline considered remains substandard. Questions on the definition, methodology, specific aspects to be considered, remain an issue. 1.2 Contextual review Baseline is a preliminary step in the EIA process which is implemented in the UK through the Town and Country planning (SI 1999 N0 293) Regulations 1988 and the subsequent 1999, 2000, 2006, 2008 amendments. Theories have revealed though it is recognized that collection of appropriate and sufficient, baseline data can be time consuming and expensive. In spite of this, the value of this information can produce a significant outcome on the quality of the overall EIA process. 1.3 The research This research intends to address the subject of baseline in EIA process. It will look specifically at the influence of baseline on the EIA process. It begins by describing the origins and principle of EIA with particular reference to its legislative beginnings, secondly, the issue of good quality baseline and effectiveness of EIA is discussed, research approach is then outlined and the findings of the studies are presented and analysed. The findings of the research are considered in comparison with the literature, with reference to its more substantive purposes before drawing conclusions and possible recommendations. Moreover, there has been limited investigation to date on baseline and how it influences the out come of EIA process in practice. It is therefore expected that this dissertation would add to the knowledge on baseline and make recommendations on baseline implementation in EIA process. 1.4 Aim Overall aim is: To determine how baseline influence EIA process decision making and promote the importance of baseline in EIA process. 1.5 Research questions and Hypothesis In order to pursue the aim identified above, a set of research questions have been developed which when answered enable the research aims to be achieved. Responding to this question is the focus of the dissertation. Questions to be answered include: How are baseline currently addressed in ES? Does adequate baseline study influence EIA decision making process? For this research the hypothesis has been formulated that: Good baseline quality contributes to effectiveness of the EIA process The formulation of this hypothesis was influenced by the EIA regulation requirement for baseline information and also limited knowledge on baseline influence in EIA decision making process. 1.5 Dissertation structure Based on the research aims and hypothesis the structure of the dissertation is divided into seven chapters and is set as follows: Chapter 1: Introduction The dissertation begins with an introductory part to set out an overview of EIA process, explaining how the baseline fits into the EIA process. The research aim is then identified and hypothesis is formulated and justified for the purpose of this research. A brief summary of the research approach and contents of subsequent chapters are then revealed. Chapter 2: Methodology This chapter outlines the research methodology, the parameters of the literature search, selection of relevant information and research limitations. Provides details of evaluation framework developed to analyse the chosen environmental statements, relevant planning files and interview approach and structure. Chapter 3: Background Following the methodology, this chapter sets out a literature review as the backbone of this research. The structure of the literature review is based on EIA and baseline. It starts by examining the concept of EIA and it various steps; attention is based more on how baseline fits into the overall EIA process. Chapter 4: Criteria for effective EIA process and good practice baseline This chapter sets out the first stage of the methodology. It explores the terms used in developing the research hypotheses i.e. effective EIA and good quality baseline in order to develop a checklist for the review. This was achieved by information from various researchers who have studied EIA effectiveness and good practice baseline and also notes from existing guidance documents and existing EIA/EIS review criteria. Chapter 5: Presentation of result and analysis This chapter Outlines presentation of results and analysis of the interviews and reviews of EISs. Details on results and findings of the 3 research are then discussed, linking the theoretical perspectives and frameworks discussed to that of practice. Chapter 6: Conclusion Finally, the conclusion is drawn whilst connecting the research hypothesis and literature review to the content of the dissertation, limitation is outlined and recommendations are drawn. Appendices: Relevant appendices of supporting information follow a bibliography of information sources. Appendix A lists acronyms used in this research, Appendix B lists EIA directive requirements of information to be presented on the ES. Appendix C lists the summary of the four statements reviewed, a summary of the interview together with their individual responses are attached as appendix D. A summary of the findings of the review are then attached as appendix E. 1.7 Relevance of the research topic to course of study The course of study Environmental assessment and management deals with natural resource management and planning. Specifically, management of the environment and project coordination. EIA was introduced as an environmental management tool its purpose and principle plays an important role in planning system of UK environment. It involves assessment of a specific environment to identify impacts and develop measures of controlling the impacts that may occur as a result of a proposed development in order to enhance the environment. Baseline is an initial step in the EIA. There have been numerous questions on how EIA achieves its primary purposes. In this case, it is important to evaluate baseline which is one of the initial steps to highlight how it helps achieve its purposes. In general, the course aims to provide student with an understanding of principles methods and procedure in EAM. EIA is central to environment assessment and management. Hence, it is evident that the research topic is relevant to the course of study and its proposed aim is expected to be achieved. 1.8 Overview In summary, the EIA regulation indicates that the data required for any project which is likely to generate significant environmental effects must be assessed and stated in an environmental statement. In addition, the influence of baseline on outcome of EIA is limited. This research sets out to address this issue. For this purpose, research aim and hypothesis have been developed, to set out research questions in order to identify a focus of the research. A methodology adopted for this purpose is exposed in the next chapter. Drawing generalization from research investigation and providing information for subsequent replication of studies, suggestions are made about the types of information to include when describing baseline conditions in this research.